2 main joins are inner join and left join. What they do is join tables acrosswise.
Eg.
Table1: CustomerID, FirstName, LastName
Table2: CustomerID, PhoneNumber
SELECT *
FROM Table1 T1
INNER JOIN Table2 T2 on T2.CustomerID = T1.CustomerID
Will produce an output of:
CustomerID, FirstName, LastName, CustomerID, PhoneNumber
The main difference between the joins is that inner join eleminates non-matching records... so in the above example, if you used inner join and there wasnt a phone number record for each customer, they wont be displayed in the resulting query.
If you use left join and there is no matching phone number all T1 records will be displayed but with Null's in the fields for the second half of the query (because there isnt a match)